Madeleine Leininger

Theory of culture care of diversity and universality   

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Theoretical Foundations of Nursing, this blog is presented by Ms. Asian Star B. Lago and 
Ms. Ma. Victoria A. Ga, BATCH 2017,
S.Y. 2013 - 2014

Madeleine Leininger

Madeleine Leininger

• Born in Sutton, Nebraska July 13, 1925
• Received her Basic Nursing Education from St. Anthony's School of Nursing in 1948
• Received her Bachelor of Science from Mount St. Scholastica College in 1950
• Received her Master of Science in Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing from The Catholic University of American in 1954
• Received her Ph.D. in Cultural and Social Anthropology from the University of Washington in 1965

INSIGHTS AND REFLECTIONS 

INTRODUCTION

Cultural Care Theory

The cultural care theory aims to provide culturally congruent nursing care through "cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with individual's, group's, or institution's cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways" (Leininger, M. M. (1995). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research & practices. This care is intended to fit with or have beneficial meaning and health outcomes for people of different or similar cultural backgrounds.

Definition of Ethonursing

This study of nursing care beliefs, values and practices as cognitively perceived and known by a designated culture through their direct experience, beliefs and value system.

Definition of Transcultural Nursing

A substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful ways.

Nursing Paradigm

Human Beings

Human being are believed to be caring and to be capable of being concerned about the needs, well-being and survival of others.

Human care is universal, that is, seen in all cultures.

Humans are universally caring beings who survive in a diversity of cultures through their ability to provide the universality of care in a variety of ways according to differing cultures, needs and setting.

Health

Defined as a state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued and practiced, in which reflects the ability of individuals (or groups) to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial and patterned life ways. 

Environment

Society or environment are not terms that are defined by Leininger but she instead speaks of worldview, social structure and environmental context.

The concept of culture is closely related to society or environment and is considered as a central theme in her theory. 

Nursing

Professional nursing  care is defined as 'formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge and practice skills, obtained through educational institutions, that are expected to provide assistive, supportive, enabling or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group in order to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway or to work dying clients'.

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

Leininger has developed many terms relevant to the theory. The major ones defined here. The reader can study her full theory from her definitative works (Leininger, 199lb, 1995c; Leininger & McFarland, 2002a, 2006).

HUMAN CARE AND CARING

The concept of human care and caring refers to the abstract and manifest phenomena with expressions of assistive, supportive, enabling, and facilitating ways to help self or others with evident or anticipated needs to improve health, a  human condition, or lifeways, or to face disabilities or dying.

CULTURE

Culture refers to patterned lifeways, values, beliefs, norms, symbols, and practices of individuals, groups, or institutions that are learned, shared, and usually transmitted from one generation to another.

CULTURE CARE

Culture Care refers to the synthesized and culturally constituted assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative caring acts towards self or others focused on evident or anticipated needs for the clients health or well-being, or to face disabilities, death, or other human conditions.

CULTURE CARE DIVERSITY

Culture Care diversity refers to cultural variability or differences in care beliefs, meanings, patterns, values, symbols, and lifeways within and between cultures and human beings.

CULTURE CARE UNIVERSALITY

Culture Care universality refers to commonalities or similar culturally based care meanings ("truths"), patterns, values, symbols, and lifeways reflecting care as a universal humanity.

WORLDVIEW

Worldview refers to the way an individual or a group looks out on and understands the world about them as a value, stance, picture, or prespective about life and the world.

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE DIMENSIONS

Cultural and social structures dimensions refer to the dynamic, holistic, and interrelated patterns of structured features of a culture (or subculture), including religion (or spirituality), kinship (social), political charactiristics (legal), economics, education, technology, cultural values, philosophy, history, and language.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Environmental context refers to the totality of an environmental (physical, geographic, and sociocultural), situations, or event with related experiences that give interpretative meanings to guide human expressions and decissions with reference to a particular environment or situation,

ETHNOHISTORY

Ethnohistory refers to the sequence of facts, events, or developments over time as known, witnessed, or documented about a designated people of a culture.

EMIC

Emic refers to local, indigenous, or the insider's views and values about a phenomenon.

ETIC

Etic refers to the outsider's or more universal views and values about a phenomenon.

HEALTH

Health refers to a state of well-being or a restotative state that is culturally constituted, defined, valued, and practiced by individuals or groups and that enables them to function in their daily lives.

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

Transcultural Nursing refers to a formal area of humanistic and scientific knowledge and practices focused on holistic Culture Care (caring) phenomena and competencies to assist individuals or groups to maintain or regain their health (or well-being) and to deal with disabilities, dying, or other human conditions in culturally congruent and beneficial ways.

CULTURE CARE PRESERVATION OR MAINTENANCE

Culture Care preservation or maintenance refers to those assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a particular culture to retain or maintain meaningful care values and lifeways for their well-being, to recover from illness, or deal with handicaps or dying.

CULTURE CARE ACCOMMODATION OR NEGOTIATION

 

Culture Care accommodation or negotiation refers to those assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decissions that help people of a designated culture (or subculture) to adopt to or negotiate with others for meanigful, beneficial, anf congruent health outcomes.

CULTURE CARE REPATTERNING OR RESTRUCTURING 

Culture Care repatterning or restructuring refers to the assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help clients reorder, change, or modify their lifeways for new, different, and beneficial health outcomes.

CULTURALLY COMPETENT NURSING CARE

Culturally competent nursing care refers to the explicit use of culturally based care and heath knowledge in sensitive, creative, and meaningful health and well being, or to face illness, disabilities, or death.

MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS

Major Assumptions to support Leininger's Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality follow. The Defination were derived from Leininger's definitive works on the theory ( Leininger, 1991b; Leininger & McFarland, 2002a, 2006).

1. Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct, dominant, central, and unifying focus.

2. Culturally based care is essential for well-being, health, growth and survival, and to face handicaps or death. 

3. Culturally based care is the most comprehensive and holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict nursing care phenomena and to guide nursing decisions and actions. 

4. Transcultural nursing is a humanistic and scientific care discipline and profession with the central purpose to serve individual s, groups, communities, societies, and institutions. 

5. Culturally based caring is essential to curing and healing for there can be no curing without caring, but caring can exist without curing.

6. Culture Care concepts, meaning, expressions, patterns, process, and structural forms of carevary transculturally with diversities and some universalities. 

7. Every Human culture has generic care knowledge and practices and usually professional care knowledge and practices, which vary transculturally and individually.

8. Culture Care values, beliefs, and practices are influenced by and tend to be embedded in the worldview, language, philosophy, religion, kinship, social, political, legal, educational, economic, technological, ethnological, ethnohistorical, and environment context of culture.

9. Beneficial, healthy, and satisfying culturally based  care influences the health and well-being of individual, families, groups, and communities within their environmental contexts. 

10. Culturally congruent and beneficial nursing care can occur only when care values, expressions, or patterns are known and explicitly for appropriate, safe, and meaningful  care.

11. Culture Care differences and similarities exist between professional and clients- generic care in human cultures worldwide.

12. Culturally conflicts, cultural impositions practice, cultural stresses, and culturally pain reflect the lack of culture care knowledge to provide culturally congruent, responsible, safe, and sensitive care.

13. The ethnonursing qualitative research method provides an important means to accurately discover and interpret emic and etic embedded, complex, and diversive culture care data( Leininger, 1991b)

 the Universality of care reveals the common nature of human beings and humanity, whereas diversity of care reveals the variability and selected, unique features of human beings.

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Leininger

http://www.slideshare.net/1NU07/madeleine-leininger-5372855